Lecture 3: IP Addressing & Subnetting


  • An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network.

  • It designates the specific location of a device on the network.

  • IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.
IP TERMINOLOGY
  • BIT:
      • A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0.

  • BYTE:
      • A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used. For the rest of this chapter, always assume a byte is 8 bits.

  • OCTET:
      • An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number. In this chapter, the terms byte and octet are completely interchangeable.

  • Network address:
      • This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network—for example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0

  • Broadcast address:
      • The address used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a network is called the broadcast address.
NETWORK ADDRESSING

  • Subdividing an IP address into a network and node address is determined by the class designation of one’s network. This figure summarizes the three classes of networks




  • All host bits ‘0’ means Network Address

  • All host bits ‘1’ means Broadcast Address

PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

SUBNETTING BASICS

Benefits of subnetting include:
  • Reduced network traffic

  • Optimized network performance

  • Simplified management

  • Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances

HOW TO CREATE SUBNETS

Take bits from the host portion of the IP address and reserve the to divine the subnet address.
  • Determine the number of required Sub-Networks

  • Determine the number of required Host

    • Based on the above information create the following:

    1. One Subnet Mask for entire sub-network

    2. A Unique subnet ID for each physical segment

    3. A range of host ID for each subnet

    4. A broad cast address of each subnet

UNDERSTAND THE POWERS OF 2
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK

CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING (cidr)

  • Used to allocate an amount of IP address space to a given entity (company, home, customer, etc).

  • Example: 192.168.10.32/28

  • The slash notation (/) means how many bits are turned on (1s) and tells you what your subnet mask is.

Binary To Decimal Number Conversions







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